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A scrim or gauze is a very light textile made from cotton, or sometimes flax. Its light weight and translucence means it is often used for making curtains. The fabric can also be used for bookbinding and upholstery.
Scrims have also seen extensive use in theatre. The variety used for special effects is properly called sharktooth scrim. However, in theater a scrim can refer to any such thin screen, and are made out of a wide variety of materials. Scrim has a rectangular weave that is similar in size in its openings to a window screen.
Another type of scrim is called bobbinet / bobbinette, this material has a hexagonal hole shape and comes in a variety of hole sizes. It is used for a number of lighting effects in the film and theatre industries.
Scrim is also used in clothing, usually covering the face or head. This allows the wearer to see out, while preventing others from seeing in. This may also be combined with camouflage to completely hide a person, such as a sniper.
A scrim is also an integral part of the Beijing Olympic Stadium in Beijing. That was the screen running around the top of the stadium during the opening ceremonies on which all kinds of scenes were projected. Li Ning also ran around it just before the cauldron lighting.
A scrim (also called a screen) is used as an acoustically transparent covering for a loudspeaker to protect the diaphragm and dust cap, or as an air filter element to protect the voice coil and other components of the motor.
[edit] Applications to stage lighting
Scrims both reflect and transmit light. This means that if a light from a front-of-house position is shone at a scrim, then both the scrim and everything behind it will be lit. This can lead to a variety of interesting effects:
- A scrim will appear entirely opaque if everything behind it is unlit and the scrim itself is grazed by light from the sides or from above.
- A scrim will appear transparent if a scene behind it is lit, but there is no light on the scrim.
- A dreamy or foggy look can be achieved by lighting a scene entirely behind a scrim.
- If a gobo is aimed at a scrim, the image will appear on the scrim, but also any objects behind the scrim will be lit by the pattern as well.
In general, anything that is lit will be seen on both sides of a scrim: scrims do not absorb light. Scrim can also be used in theatre in combination with a cyclorama or backdrop. The idea is similar to the other uses. When the drop is lit (or images or video are rear-projected onto the back of the drop), the images or colours projected are visible. However when the drop is not lit, the images or colours will disappear. A scrim can also help dull the image, creating a greater sense of depth.
Another effect is caused by layering two scrims, or even by placing a mirror behind a scrim and lighting it: the familiar moire effect. This can often cause audience disorientation.
[edit] Reinforcement material
The technique of scrim as a reinforcement is commonly applied in the manufacture of glass fiber or carbon fiber composites, scrim layers may be used on the exterior surface of the carbon fiber laminate for an improved protective surface.
A similar usage of the term is found in sailcloth manufacture, where scrim is a strong loose weave of fibres laminated into the cloth to provide extra strength and stability to sails.
In carpentry, scrim is the name given to a very heavy, coarsely-woven fabric similar to hessian or coarse canvas, which is stretched over interior boards to provide support for wallpaper and add an extra rigidity. This method of construction, widely used in older houses, is often referred to as "scrim and sarking", the sarking being the board.
Scrim is also an item that utilizes plies of tissue reinforced with a layer of nylon (much like fishing line or heavy duty monofilament) or cotton thread. 2-ply tissue 1-ply scrim the layer of scrim is not counted in the ply count. 2/1 would be a 2-ply scrim.
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The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with English-speaking territories and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. Recess is a general term for a period of time in which a group of people is temporarily dismissed from its duties. In parliamentary procedure, a recess is initiated by a motion to recess. It was invented by Bronson Alcott who wanted his students to have active physical play and time to talk.[citation needed]
In education, "recess" is the North American term (known as "playtime" or "break" in the UK and Ireland, sometimes "playlunch" or "little lunch" in Australia[citation needed], or "interval" or "morning tea" in New Zealand) for a daily period, typically ten to thirty minutes, in elementary school where students are allowed to leave the school's interior to enter its adjacent outdoor playground, where they can play on such recreational equipment as seesaws and swing sets, or engage in activities such as basketball or four square.
Contents
[hide][edit] Importance of play in child development
Although no formal education exists during recess (this fact being touted most often by the children themselves), sociologists and psychologists consider recess an integral portion of child development, to teach them the importance of social skills and physical education. Play is essential for children to develop not only their physical abilities, but also their intellectual, social, and moral capabilities [1]. Via play, children are able to learn about the world around them. By role playing, children are able to experience, and gain insight on, a socio-emotional level. Psychomotor learning also gives children clues on how the world around them works as they can physically demonstrate such skills. Children need the freedom to play in order to learn skills needed to become competent adults such as coping with stress and problem solving [2]. Via caregivers observations of children’s play, one is able to identify deficiencies in children’s development [3].
If the weather is bad, recess may be held indoors, in the classroom, where the students finish work, play board games or other activities that take more than one to play. This helps encourage group activity and some of the games are also educational. Or, they might play educational computer games or look at books. Although, it is not realy recess if you are inside.
[edit] Changes to recess
In North America, the point where recess ends in a child's education is largely dependent on the school district, though by many standards it is removed when the child enters middle school. However, in high school and college, students usually have free periods, which are similar in spirit, although usually one studies or talks with one's friends during such times rather than playing games, which is made difficult by the lack of a playground.
With the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, many schools have significantly cut back on the amount of recess time for children. Some have even eliminated recess all together. With the focus now on preparing the children for testing into the next grade, there is less time to incorporate physical education or recess into the curriculum [4].
[edit] Effects of limiting recess
Data suggests that students who lack opportunities for play do not grow into happy, well adjusted adults [5], and, although schools are now focusing their attention on the test scores while eliminating recess/P.E, studies show that recess and/or P.E. actually ' increase test scores as the students production of dopamine, a neurotransmitter involved in memory and problem solving. [6]
Childhood obesity and type 2 diabetes are also a major concern as the United States youth do not get the physical outlet needed not only for their cognitive development but for their physical health [7]
[edit] International recess
In the United Kingdom and Ireland, high school students traditionally do not have 'free periods' however they do have 'break' which normally occurs just after their 2nd lesson of the day (normally referred to as 2nd period). This generally lasts for around 20 minutes. During break snacks are usually sold in the school's canteen and students normally use this time to socialize or finish off any homework or schoolwork that needs to be finished. Once break is finished students go to their next classroom to start period 3. Lunchtime usually starts just after period 4 and lasts around 50-60 minutes. This system is more or less the same in Junior schools in the UK and Ireland, however Infant Schools will normally add another breaktime towards the end of the day. Another difference in Junior and Infant schools compared to high schools is the use of play equipment (such as hula hoop, skipping rope, balls etc.) available to play with, as is a playground (with climbing walls, swings etc.)
In Australia and New Zealand, generally in public schools "recess" occurs as a break between morning and mid-morning classes. It is followed after mid-morning classes by a more lengthy break, lunchtime. Thus, the structure of the school-day consists of three lesson blocks, broken up by two intervals: recess and lunch respectively.There must be at least an hours worth of "recess" or "free period" a week.
In The USA recess is almost completely removed, from kindergarten to middle school, and in Washington State recess, and P.E. (physical education) are being removed.
[edit] Notes
- ^ The Value of Play 1: The Definition of Play Provides Clues to its Purpose. Gray, Peter. Nove. 19, 2008. http://www.psychologytoday.com
- ^ No Child Left out of the Dodgeball Game? Trickey, Helyn. Aug. 22, 2006. http://www.cnn.com.
- ^ How much do we know about the importance of play in child development? Tsao, Ling-Ling. Childhood Education. Olney. Summer 2002. Vol. 78, Iss. 4; Pg 230
- ^ No Child Left out of the Dodgeball Game? Trickey, Helyn. Aug. 22, 2006. http://www.cnn.com.
- ^ The Serious Need for Play. Wenner, Melinda. Jan. 28, 2009. http://www.scientificamerican.com
- ^ No Child Left out of the Dodgeball Game? Trickey, Helyn. Aug. 22, 2006. http://www.cnn.com
- ^ Recess-It's Indispensable! Young Children. National Association for the Education of Young Children. September 2009 Vol. 64, No. 5; pg. 66.
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